How to Prepare Different Ammonia Solutions

How to Prepare Different Ammonia Solutions

Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.Wikipedia
Formula: (NH₄)₂SO₄
Molar mass: 132.14 g/mol
IUPAC ID: Diazanium sulfate
Melting point: 235 °C
Density: 1.77 g/cm³
Soluble in: Water
Classification: Sulfates

How to Prepare 0.25M, 0.5N Ammonium sulfate.

 

Dissolve 33 g of (NH4)2SO4 in 1 liter of water.

How to Prepare Ammonium Sulfide, colorless, 

1.) 3 M. Treat 200 ml of conc. NH4OH with H2S until saturated, keeping the solution cold. Add 200 ml of conc. NH4OH and dilute of 1 liter.

2.) 6 N. Saturate 6 N Ammonium Hydroxide (40 ml conc. ammonia solution +60 ml H2O) with washed H2S gas. The ammonium hydroxide bottle must be completely full and must be kept surrounded by ice while being saturated (about 48 hours for two liters). The reagent is best preserved in brown, completely filled, glas-stoppered bottles.

Ammonium sulfide, yellow:

Treat 150 ml of conc. NH4OH with H2S until saturated, keeping the solution cool. Add 250 ml of conc. NH4OH and 10 g of powdered sulfur. Shake the mixture until the sulfur is dissolved and dilute to 1 liter with water. In the solution the concentration of (NH4)2S2, (NH4) 2S and NH4OH are 0.625, 0.4 and 1.5 normal respectively. 

On standing, the concentration of (NH4)2S2 increases and that of (NH4)2S and NH4OH decreases.

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How to Create Base Solution of Sodium hydroxide, 3M, 3N, Sodium hydroxide, 8M, 8N

Sodium hydroxide
Chemical Compound
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound. It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt of sodium which is available in pellets, flakes.
Formula: NaOH
Molar mass: 39.997 g/mol
Melting point: 318 °C
Density: 2.13 g/cm³
Boiling point: 1,388 °C
IUPAC ID: Sodium oxidanide, Sodium hydroxide
Soluble in: Water, Methanol, Ethanol

Sodium hydroxide, 3 M, 3 N. Dissolve 126 g of the pellets (95%) in water and dilute to 1 liter.

Sodium hydroxide, 8 M, 8 N. Dissolve 168 g of the pellets (95%) in water and dilute to 500ml.

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How to Prepare Solution of Aluminum Chloride, Aluminum Nitrate and Aluminum Sulfate

Aluminium Chloride

Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) is the main compound ofaluminium and chlorine. It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron trichloride, giving it a yellow colour. The solid has a low melting and boiling point.

Aluminum chloride, 0.167 M, solve 22 g of AlC13 in 1 liter of water.

Aluminium nitrate

Aluminium nitrate is a salt of aluminium and nitric acid, most commonly existing as the crystalline hydrate, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O. Wikipedia

Formula: Al(NO3)3

Molar mass: 212.996 g/mol

IUPAC ID: Aluminium nitrate

Melting point: 72.8 °C

Density: 1.72 g/cm³

Boiling point: 135 °C

Soluble in: Water

Aluminum nitrate, 0.167 M, 0.5 N. Dissolve 58 g of Al(NO3)3.7.5H20 in 1 liter of water.

Aluminium sulfate

Chemical Compound

Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula Al₂(SO₄)₃. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a flocculating agent in the purification of drinking water and waste water treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing. Wikipedia

Formula: Al2(SO4)3

Molar mass: 342.15 g/mol

IUPAC ID: Aluminium sulfate

Melting point: 770 °C

Density: 2.67 g/cm³

Soluble in: Water

Classification: Alum compounds

Aluminum sulfate, 0.083 M, 0.5 N. Dissolve 56 g of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O in 1 liter of water.

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How to Prepare Ammonium Molybdate: 1N and 0.5N

Ammonium Molybdate: 

1. Preparation of 0.5M, 1 N.

Mix well 72 g of pure MoO5 (or 81 g of H2MoO4) with 200 ml of water, and add 60 ml of conc. ammonium hydroxide. When solution is complete, filter and pour filtrate, very slowly and with rapid stirring, into a mixture of 270 ml of conc. HNO3 and 400 ml of water. Allow to stand over night, filter and dilute to 1 liter.

2. The reagent is prepared as two solutions which are mixed as needed, thus always providing fresh reagent of proper strength and composition. Since ammonium molybdate is an expensive reagent, and since an acid solution of this reagent as usually prepared keeps for only a few days, the method proposed will avoid loss of reagent and provide more certain results for quantitative work.

Solution 1: 

Dissolve 100 g of ammonium molybdate (C.P. grade) in 400 ml of water and 80 ml of 15 M NH4OH. Filter if necessary, though this seldom has to be done

Solution 2: 

Mix 400 ml of 16 M nitric acid with 600 ml of water.

For use, mix the calculated amount of solution 1 with twice its volume of solution 2, adding solution 1 to solution 2 slowly with vigorous stirring. Thus, for amounts of phosphorus up to 20 mg, 10 ml of solution 1 to 20 ml of solution 2 is adequate. Increase amount as needed.

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How to Create Base Solution of Sodium hydroxide, 3M, 3N, Sodium hydroxide, 8M, 8N

Sodium hydroxide
Chemical Compound
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound. It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt of sodium which is available in pellets, flakes.
Formula: NaOH
Molar mass: 39.997 g/mol
Melting point: 318 °C
Density: 2.13 g/cm³
Boiling point: 1,388 °C
IUPAC ID: Sodium oxidanide, Sodium hydroxide
Soluble in: Water, Methanol, Ethanol

Sodium hydroxide, 3 M, 3 N. Dissolve 126 g of the pellets (95%) in water and dilute to 1 liter.

Sodium hydroxide, 8 M, 8 N. Dissolve 168 g of the pellets (95%) in water and dilute to 500ml.

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HOW TO PREPARE 3N OR 3M AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE AND 0.2M, 0.4N BARIUM HYDROXIDE

Ammonium hydroxide

Ammonia solution, also known as ammonium hydroxide, ammonia water, ammonical liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or simply ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH₃. Wikipedia


Molar mass: 35.04 g/mol
Formula: NH₄OH
Density: 880 kg/m³
Boiling point: 24.7 °C
Melting point: -91.5 °C

Ammonium hydroxide, 3 M, 3 N. Dilute 200 ml of concentrated solution (14.8 M, 28% NH3) to 1 liter.

Barium hydroxide
Chemical Compound

Barium hydroxide are chemical compounds with the chemical formula Ba(OH)₂ₓ. The monohydrate is known as baryta, or baryta-water, it is one of the principal compounds of barium. This white granular monohydrate is the usual commercial form. Wikipedia
Formula: Ba(OH)₂
Molar mass: 171.34 g/mol
Melting point: 78 °C
Boiling point: 780 °C
Density: 3.74 g/cm³
Soluble in: Water

Barium hydroxide, 0.2 M, 0.4 N. Saturated solution, 63 g per liter of Ba(OH)2.8H2O. Use some excess, filter off BaCO3 and protect from CO2 of the air with soda lime or ascarite in a guard tube.

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HOW TO CREATE BASE SOLUTION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE 0.02M, 0.04N, POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 3M, 3N

Calcium hydroxide, 0.02 M, 0.04 N. Saturated solution, 1.5 g per liter of Ca(OH)2. Use some excess, filter off CaCO3 and protect from CO2 of the air.

Potassium hydroxide, 3 M, 3 N. Dissolve 176 g of the sticks (95%) in water and dilute to 1 liter.

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HOW TO CREATE 3N ACIDS SOLUTIONS, ACETIC ACID, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, NITRIC ACID, PHOSPHORIC ACID, SULFURIC ACID

3 molar. Use the amount of concentrated acid indicated and dilute to one liter.

Acetic acid, 3 N. Use 172 ml of 17.4 M acid (99-100%)

Hydrochloric acid, 3 N. Use 258 ml of 11.6 M acid (36% HCI)

Nitric acid, 3 N. Use l95 ml of 15.4 M acid (69% HNO3)

Phosphoric acid, 9 N. Use 205 ml of 14.6 M acid (85% H3PO4)

Sulfuric acid, 6 N. Use 168 ml of 17.8 M acid (95% H2SO4)

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